#01

RESEARCH PAPER

研究论文

Monarchical Constitutional Guardianship and Legal Métissage in Asia

亚洲君主立宪监护和法律杂糅

马尔捷·德·维瑟（Maartje De Visser），新加坡管理大学法学院

安德鲁·哈丁（Andrew Harding），新加坡国立大学法学院

Abstract: This article presents a roadmap for examining the phenomenon of monarchy in Asia, which weconceive as a pluralist institution in a twofold manner. First, many monarchies discharge a widerange of roles and responsibilities ranging from the symbolic to the religious to the legal-political.These varied functions can be usefully captured under the notion of constitutional guardianship, andcall for intersectional analysis. Second, it is common for monarchies to have metamorphosed frombeing purely endogenous institutions to becoming ones embedded in a scheme of limited, constitutionalgovernment under the influence of ideas from elsewhere. Monarchies should accordingly beviewed as a form of legal métissage, viz. a braiding of local and extraneous ideas, practices, and rules. In this sense, a law-and-society approach is more likely to reveal the nature of monarchies than astrictly legal-doctrinal approach, although some of the latter is needed to fully appreciate the former’s significance.

摘要：本文为研究亚洲的君主制现象提供了路线图。这种制度被我们视为以双重方式存在的多元制度。首先，许多君主制承担着从象征意义到宗教再到法律政治的广泛的角色和责任。这些不同的功能可以在宪法监护的概念下得到有效体现，并有待交叉分析。其次，在外来思想的影响下，君主制常常从纯粹的内生制度蜕变为一套嵌入于有限的宪政计划的制度。因此，君主制应当被视为法律杂糅的一种形式，即本土和外来理念、实践和规则的交织。在这个意义上，法与社会的研究方法比严格的法教义研究方法更有可能揭示君主制的本质，尽管我们需要后者的一些内容以充分理解前者的重要性。

Keywords: monarchies; constitutional guardianship; legal métissage; constitutional interpretation; constitutional identity; symbolism

关键词：君主制；宪法监护；法律杂糅；宪法解释；宪法认同；象征意义

A Constitutional Ethnography of Monarchy: Buddhist Kingship, “Granted Constitutionalism, ” and Royal State Ceremonies in Thailand

君主制的宪政民族志：佛教王权、“授权立宪”和泰国的皇家仪式

欧仁妮·梅里奥 （Eugénie Mérieau），巴黎第一大学法学院，潘提翁-索邦分校

Abstract: This paper defines constitutional ethnography as the cultural study of constitutionalism through itssymbolic representations. By focusing on the materiality of constitutionalism as embodied in variousstate ceremonies such as ceremonies of “royal octroy” (constitution-granting ceremonies) as well asin state monuments honouring the Constitution, it strives to offer an ethnography of a polity’sconstitutional identity. In this paper, I argue that in Thailand, Westernized Hindu-Buddhist stateceremonies and monuments using Westernized Hindu-Buddhist symbolism represent the Thaimonarch as the ultimate law-giver holding permanent “constituent power” and therefore yieldingextra-constitutional customary powers pre-existing the Constitution. This representation, in turn, informs Thai constitutional identity as defined incrementally by courts and jurists since the earlytwentieth century, which in turn informs present Thai constitutional interpretation. Therefore, thispaper argues that the study of state ceremonies can be a useful entry point into the analysis of a “constitutional culture” shaping modes of constitutional interpretation.

摘要：本文将宪政民族志定义为通过宪政的象征性表征对其进行的文化研究。通过关注体现在例如“皇家奥特罗伊”仪式（宪法授予仪式）、纪念宪法的国家纪念碑等不同国家仪式中的宪政的实质性，本文努力提供一个有关政体之宪法特性的民族志。我在本文中认为，泰国的西化印度佛教国家仪式和采用西化印度佛教象征的纪念碑代表了泰国君主是拥有永久“宪法权力”的最终法律制定者，由此产生了先于宪法存在的宪法外的习惯权力。这种表征转而说明了自二十世纪初以来由法院和法学家逐步界定的泰国的宪法特性，而这又反过来为当前泰国的宪法解释提供了参考。因此，本文认为对国家仪式的研究可以成为分析塑造宪法解释模式的“宪法文化”的有益切入点。

Keywords: Thailand; monarchy; Buddhist kingship; state ceremonies; constitutional ethnography; constitutional culture

关键词：泰国；君主制；佛教王权；国家仪式；宪法民族志；宪法文化

The Symbolic Safeguard: Royal Absence in Cambodia’s Constitutional Monarchy

象征性保障：柬埔寨君主立宪制中的王权缺位

本·劳伦斯 （Ben Lawrence），新加坡国立大学法律系

Abstract: The product of an internationalized peace process, Cambodia’s 1993 Constitution restored the monarchy and endowed the Crown with a political safeguarding role that successive kings have beenunable to fulfil in practice. After a brief survey of the tragic modern history of Cambodia’s monarchy,this paper outlines the formal constitutional role of the king, highlighting the central dichotomybetween the provisions that promise that the king “shall reign but shall not govern” and those thatprovide the king a more active role as “guarantor.” The paper highlights how this fundamental ambiguity has been borne-out publicly, by focusing on a handful of specific instances in which both KingSihanouk and King Sihamoni are understood to have been strategically absent from the country toavoid signing controversial legislation. Short of providing a veto power in the legislative process, theking’s safeguarding role is shown to manifest in the symbolic denial of royal legitimacy.

摘要：作为国际化和平进程的产物，柬埔寨的1993年宪法恢复了君主制，并赋予王室以政治保障地位，然而历代国王在实践中均无法履行这一职能。在简要回顾柬埔寨君主制的悲剧近代史后，本文概述了国王正式的宪政地位，强调国王“临朝而不理政（或统而不治）”条款与“国王作为‘担保人’发挥更多积极作用”条款之间的核心分歧。西哈努克国王和西哈莫尼国王被理解成出于避免签署有争议的法律的原因，而战略性地离开国家。本文借由其中的一些具体事例，释明了上述根本性分歧是如何被公开证实的。国王的保障性角色除了体现为在立法过程中具备否决权外，还表现为能够象征性地否认王室的合法性。

Keywords: Cambodia; monarchy; constitutional law; legitimacy; politics

关键词：柬埔寨；君主制；宪法；合法性；政治

The Malay Monarchies in Constitutional and Social Conception

宪法与社会观念中的马来君主制

安德鲁·哈丁 （Andrew Harding），新加坡国立大学法律系哈山·库马拉辛厄姆 （Harshan Kumarasingham），爱丁堡大学社会与政治科学学院

Abstract: This article examines the constitutional nature of the Malaysian monarchies in their social context.We discuss the evolution of the monarchies through pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial history,and account for their survival despite several attempts to curb their powers, including restriction ofthe royal assent and sovereign immunity. It is argued that the powers of the monarchies respond totheir historical role and social embeddedness constitutional monarchy; Malay monarchy; heads of state; constitutional conventions; royal powers: constitutional monarchy; Malay monarchy; heads of state; constitutional conventions;royal powers of the monarchies, stretching the role of the Rulersbeyond the Westminster norms as set out in constitutional texts. Moving to contemporary issues, we see the assertion of the right to uphold the Constitution in relation to prime-ministerial appointments, and acting on advice. Here, the monarchies reflect a braiding of both traditional elements andWestminster constitutional norms.

摘要：本文分析了马来西亚君主制在其社会背景下的宪政性质。我们讨论了君主制在前殖民地时期、殖民地时期和后殖民地时期的历史演变，并说明其在经历限制御准(指君主对议会两院通过的法案予以认可，从而使该法案成为议会法律。译者注）和主权豁免权等几次限权尝试后仍然存续的原因。本文认为，君主的权力回应了他们的历史角色以及君主制的社会嵌入性，（进而）将统治者的角色延伸到宪法文本规定的威斯敏斯特规范之外。在当代问题上，我们（也可以）看到（君主）在任命政府首脑和听取政府建议方面主张维护宪法权利。马来君主制体现了传统要素与威斯敏斯特宪法规范的交织。

Keywords: constitutional monarchy; Malay monarchy; heads of state; constitutional conventions; royal powers

关键词：君主立宪制；马来君主制；国家元首；宪法惯例；王权

Beyond the Sharia State: Public Celebrations and Everyday State-Making in the Malay Islamic Monarchy of Brunei Darussalam

超越伊斯兰教法国家：文莱达鲁萨兰国马来伊斯兰君主政体中的公共庆典和日常国家建构

多米尼克·M.穆勒（Dorminik M. Müller）埃尔朗根-纽伦堡弗里德里希-亚历山大大学，社会学研究所

Abstract: This article describes post-colonial state-making in the absolute monarchy of Brunei. After detailing the Sultan’s powers, contextualizing the monarchy’s stability, and introducing its state ideology, Melayu Islam Beraja (“MIB”), the article addresses formal laws, such as Brunei’s Constitution and a new Islamic penal code, which are symbolically significant for the MIB state’s (self-)legitimation but have little immediate relevance to many Bruneians’ lives. The article, therefore, shifts its focus to normative spheres that receive much less scholarly attention but, arguably, should—namely state-rituals like the Sultan’s three-week-long birthday celebrations. These, and other non-legal spheres, including, also, royal speeches, contain normative aspects that reflect and impact key developments in the MIB state. Grounded in the Royal Birthday’s and Islamic penal code’s analysis, the final part problematizes stereotypes of Brunei being a “sharia state” vis-à-vis its multidirectional normative messages and ability to hybridize broad cultural influences for the ruling system’s benefit.

摘要：本文通过审查一起在中国有争议的跨国非法药品代购案件，分析了非法性在威权主义国家如何被正当化。通过对新闻报道、法律文件和访谈进行三角分析，本研究区分了非法性正当化的两种途径：去政治化和政治化。本文讨论了去政治化的途径是通过实用主义、道德和法律的框架成为可能的，而政治化的途径则是建立在制度的框架之上。我认为，媒体是非法性正当化的重要媒介。非法实践的参与者和法律权威倾向于只调动去政治化的框架，而媒体则同时作出去政治化和政治化的努力。通过这个深入分析，本文加深了我们对威权主义国家中非法性的社会建构以及法律、媒体和社会之间错综复杂的关系的理解。

Keywords: Brunei Darussalam; absolute monarchy; everyday state-making; Royal Birthday; Islamic law

关键词: 文莱达鲁萨兰国；绝对君主制；日常国家建构；王室生日；伊斯兰法

The Progressive Monarchy of Bhutan: A Not-So-Absolute Monarchy to a Democratic Constitutional Monarchy

不丹稳步发展的君主政体：从并非绝对的君主政体到民主宪政君主政体

尼玛·多吉（Nima Dorji） 吉格梅-辛格-旺楚克法律学院

Abstract: This article provides a descriptive account of the evolution of the Bhutanese monarchy, and normative claims about its endurance and its nature, suggesting that the monarchy is both the expression of as well as the guardian of the country’s constitutional identity. Bhutan became a democratic constitutional monarchy by adopting the written Constitution in 2008 after a successful 100 years of hereditary monarchy. The willingness of successive monarchs to evolve based on changing times, their ability to ensure stability and continuity, and work for the benefits of the people and country guided by the principles of Buddhist kingship seem to have contributed not only in them benefitting from unqualified support of the people, but also in attaining the status of an expression of Bhutanese constitutional identity.

摘要：本文对不丹君主制的演变进行描述，并对其持久性和性质提出规范性主张，认为君主政体既是国家宪法特质的表现，也是国家宪法特质的守护者。不丹在成功实行了100年的世袭君主制之后，于2008年通过了成文宪法，成为民主君主立宪制国家。历任君主自发地根据变化的时代而变化，他们有能力确保国家的稳定性和连续性，并在佛教王权原则的指导下为人民和国家的利益而努力。上述内容似乎不仅使君主们受益于人民的无条件支持，而且也使他们获得了表达不丹宪法特质的地位。

Keywords: constitutional monarchy; GNH; Kidu; constitutional identity; dualsystem; Dharmaraja

关键词：君主立宪政体；国民幸福总值；基杜（Kidu，指国王的一种权力，译者注）；宪法特质；双重制度；达摩之治

Policing Terrorism in the Chinese Community: A Critical Analysis

中国社区警务对恐怖主义的治理：一个批判性分析

李英申（Enshen Li） 澳大利亚昆士兰大学伯恩法学院

Abstract: After the 9/11 incidents, global counter-terrorism efforts have focused increasingly on community policing as a proactive and preventive approach to thwarting terrorism. This article explores the developments, tensions, and prospects of counter-terrorism community policing (“CTCP”) in China. By applying the concepts of police legitimacy and social capital to the normative and operational framework of CTCP, I argue that this vital counter-terrorism endeavour is fraught with problems, for both Chinese police to procure effective civic co-operation and the local community to develop its capacity as a self-reliant player in preventing terrorism. More specifically, community co-operation in China’s CTCP is largely an obligatory process in the form of forced mobilization by local bureaucracies that does not necessarily entail trust and support from citizens based on their legitimacy judgement. My analysis on social capital building in Chinese communities further suggests that both police and citizens are unable to form deep and meaningful partnerships for counter-terrorism. While an authoritarian regime like China is reluctant to cede substantial power and authority to people in most of all aspects of policing, the public has become apathetictowards and alienated from voluntary collaboration with police in formal community affairs—a dichotomy lies between reality and ideal in China’s CTCP.

摘要：911事件之后，全球反恐工作愈发注重社区警务，将其作为挫败恐怖主义的主动性和预防性方法。本文探讨了中国反恐社区警务（“CTCP”）的发展历程、矛盾冲突和发展前景。通过将警务合法性和社会资本的概念运用于“CTCP”的规范和运作框架，本文认为，这一重要的反恐努力问题重重，既需要中国警察获得有效的公民合作，也需要当地社区发展自身能力，成为预防恐怖势力的自力更生者。更具体地说，中国“CTCP”中的社区合作很大程度上是以地方官僚机构强迫动员为形式的强制性过程，不一定会得到公民基于自身合法性判断而产生的信任和支持。本文对中国社区的的社会资本建设的分析进一步表明，警察和公民均无法建立深入和有意义的反恐伙伴关系。尽管像中国这样的WeiQuan政治不愿在警务工作的多数方面将大量的实质性权力和权威让渡给人民，然而社会公众对于在正式社区事务中与警力的自愿合作已经变得冷漠和疏远——中国的“CTCP”存在着理想与现实的二分。

本。

Keywords: China; terrorism; community policing; procedural justice;  social capital

关键词：中国；恐怖主义；社区警务；程序正义；社会资本

Mandating Symbolic Patriotism: China’s Flag and Anthem in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

强制施行象征性爱国主义：香港特别行政区的中国国旗和国歌

布伦丹·克利夫特（Brendan Clift） 墨尔本大学法学院

Abstract: The Hong Kong statute criminalizing disrespect of the Chinese national anthem, passed in 2020, is one of many recent moves to suppress political dissent in the former British colony. The law restricts freedom of political expression, but its constitutionality is practically assured courtesy of earlier decisions upholding laws against flag desecration. This article draws on sociological and political literature to argue that symbolic nationalism, particularly when given the force of law, is a tool of the authoritarian state. Against this backdrop, it critically and comparatively analyses Hong Kong judicial decisions upholding the suppression of symbolic dissent, assessing their doctrinal coherence, normative defensibility, and consequences. It concludes with observations on the efficacy of attempts to enforce patriotic orthodoxy and on how deference to authoritarianism affects the rule of law.

摘要：香港于2020年通过的将不尊重中国国歌作为犯罪的法令，是该前英国殖民地近期压制政治异见的众多举措之一。虽然这项法律限制了政治言论自由，但由于早先的判决支持了反对亵渎国旗的法律，其合宪性实际上得到了保持。本文借鉴了社会学和政治学文献，认为象征性的民族主义，尤其在被赋予法律强制力的情况下，是威权国家的工具。在此背景下，本文从批判和比较的视角分析了支持压制象征性异见的香港司法判决，评估这些判决在教义上的连贯性、规范上的可辩护性及其后果。本文最后对试图强制落实爱国主义正统观念的有效性，以及遵从WeiQuan主义的行为如何影响法治的问题提出了看法。

Keywords: National symbols; freedom of expression; political dissent; authoritarianism;  Hong Kong

关键词：国家象征；言论自由；政治异见；WeiQuan主义；香港

#02

BOOK REVIEW

书 评

Thailand’s Monarchy and Constitutional History - Constitutional Bricolage: Thailand’s Sacred Monarchy vs. the Rule of Law.

By Eugenie Mérieau. London: Hart Publishing, 2021, 328 pp. Hardcover $90.00

《泰国的君主政体和宪政史——宪法拼凑：泰国的神圣君主政体vs法治》，作者：Eugenie Mérieau

History and Meaning of Establishing the Constitutions of North-East Asian States - Constitutional Foundings in Northeast Asia.

Edited by Kevin Y. L. Tan and Michael Ng. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2022. 256 pp. Hardcover $115.00

《东北亚国家立宪的历史与意义——东北亚的立宪》，主编：Kevin Y. L. Tan和Michael Ng

#03

BOOK DISCUSSION

书目讨论

Winner, 2020 Distinguished Book Award, Asian Law and Society Association (ALSA), Anna High, Non-Governmental Orphan Relief in China: Law, Policy, and Practice (Routledge, 2019)

《中国的非政府孤儿救助：法律、政策与实践》（亚洲法律与社会协会，2020年杰出图书得主），作者：Anna High